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Key Terms
Electrostatic Equilibrium
The state where free charges in a conductor have settled down, meaning no net .
Conductors
Materials with free (like electrons) that can zip around.
Insulators
Materials that hold their charges and do not allow them to move freely.
Electric Shielding (Faraday Cage)
A phenomenon where the electric field a conductor in equilibrium is zero, protecting from external fields.
Gauss's Law
A law stating that the total electric flux (Φ) through any closed surface is proportional to the total electric charge (Q_enclosed) within that surface.
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