Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections (1450–1750)

A smaller, highly ________ sailing ship developed by the Portuguese, known for its speed and ability to sail closer to the wind.

A ________ sail, adapted from Arab designs, that allowed ships to tack ________ the wind, making previously impossible directions navigable.

An ancient instrument, adapted from Islamic scholars, used by sailors to determine their ________ by measuring the altitude of celestial ________.

A Chinese invention that diffused through the Islamic world, essential for determining ________ at sea.

The art and science of ________, which improved dramatically with new knowledge from explorations.